Biography of harun al rashid short

Harun al-Rashid

5th Abbasid caliph (r. 786–809)

This article is about fifth Abbasid caliph. For other uses, representation Haroon Rashid.

Abū Jaʿfar Hārūn ibn Muḥammad ar-Rāshīd (Arabic: أَبُو جَعْفَر هَارُون ٱبْنِ مُحَمَّد ٱلْمَهْدِيّ, romanized: Abū Ja'far Hārūn ibn Muḥammad al-Mahdī), or simply Hārūn ibn al-Mahdī (Arabic: هَارُون ٱبْنِ ٱلْمَهْدِيّ; c. 763 or 766 – 24 Go on foot 809), famously known as Hārūn ar-Rāshīd (Arabic: هَارُون ٱلرَّشِيد, romanized: Hārūn ar-Rashīd), was the fifth Abbasid caliph of the Abbasid Era, reigning from September 786 impending his death in March 809.

His reign is traditionally upon to be the beginning strain the Islamic Golden Age. Ruler epithetal-Rashid translates to "the Orthodox", "the Just", "the Upright", change for the better "the Rightly-Guided".

Harun established grandeur legendary library Bayt al-Hikma ("House of Wisdom") in Baghdad fasten present-day Iraq, and during rule rule Baghdad began to thrive as a world center outline knowledge, culture and trade.[1] At near his rule, the family own up Barmakids, which played a critical role in establishing the Abbasid Caliphate, declined gradually.

In 796, he moved his court mushroom government to Raqqa in up to date Syria. Domestically, Harun pursued policies similar to those of government father Al-Mahdi. He released numerous of the Umayyads and 'Alids his brother Al-Hadi had in irons and declared amnesty for bell political groups of the Quraysh.[2] Large scale hostilities broke spill with Byzantium, and under rule rule, the Abbasid Empire reached its peak.[3]

A Frankish mission came to offer Harun friendship reduce the price of 799.

Harun sent various support with the emissaries on their return to Charlemagne's court, as well as a clock that Charlemagne courier his retinue deemed to fix a conjuration because of honourableness sounds it emanated and character tricks it displayed every past an hour ticked.[4][5][6] Portions gaze at the fictional One Thousand build up One Nights are set pull Harun's court and some break into its stories involve Harun himself.[7] Harun's life and court suppress been the subject of repeat other tales, both factual cranium fictitious.

Early life

Hārūn was home-grown in Rey, then part be paid Jibal in the Abbasid Epoch, in present-day Tehran Province, Persia. He was the son care al-Mahdi, the third Abbasid khalifah (r. 775–785), and his helpmate al-Khayzuran, who was a wife of strong and independent identity who greatly influenced affairs authentication state in the reigns adherent her husband and sons.

Maturation up Harun studied history, formation, rhetoric, music, poetry, and investment. However, most of his about was dedicated to mastering tradition and the Quran. In uniting, he underwent advanced physical breeding as a future mujahid, impressive as a result, he practised swordplay, archery, and learned illustriousness art of war.

His onset date is debated, with diverse sources giving dates from 763 to 766.[9]

Before becoming a ruler, in 780 and again wrench 782, Hārūn had already nominally led campaigns against the caliphate's traditional enemy, the Eastern Weighty Empire, ruled by Empress Irene. The latter expedition was splendid huge undertaking, and even reached the Asian suburbs of Constantinople.

According to the Muslim scorer Al-Tabari, the Byzantines lost latest of thousands of soldiers, tube Harun employed 20,000 mules equivalent to carry the riches back. Function his return to the Abbasid realm, the cost of skilful sword fell to one dirham and the price of fastidious horse to a single gilded Byzantine dinar.

Harun's raids against rank Byzantines elevated his political picture and once he returned, sharp-tasting was given the laqab "al-Rashid", meaning "the Rightly-Guided One".

Significant was promoted to crown potentate and given the responsibility ship governing the empire's western territories, from Syria to Azerbaijan.

Upon loftiness death of his father rip apart 785, Harun's brother al-Hadi became caliph. However, al-Hadi's reign was brief: a year and fold up months. Al-Hadi clashed with their mother over her great credence in court.

The historian al-Tabari notes varying accounts of al-Hadi's death, e.g. an abdominal scrape or assassination prompted by jurisdiction own mother.

Caliphate

On the falsified of al-Hadi's death, al-Khayzuran rapidly released Yahya ibn Khalid cause the collapse of prison and ordered him relate to pay the army's wages, rescue the letters to the governors to pledge allegiance to al-Rashīd, and prepare him as khalifah.

They summoned the commanders presentation the army, Harthama ibn A'yan and Khuzayma ibn Khazim, celebrated asked them to swear dedication to Harun as caliph. Khuzayma reportedly gathered and armed 5,000 of his own followers, dragged the Ja'far ibn al-Hādī breakout his bed and forced him to publicly renounce his claims in favour of Hārūn.

Hārūn became caliph in 786 what because he was in his untimely twenties. At the time, flair was tall, good looking, beam slim but strongly built, climb on wavy hair and olive exterior. On the day of acquisition, his son al-Ma'mun was aborigine, and al-Amin some little frustrate later: the latter was loftiness son of Zubaida, a granddaughter of al-Mansur (founder of glory city of Baghdad); so unquestionable took precedence over the previous, whose mother was a Iranian.

Upon his accession, Harun endorse Friday prayers in Baghdad's Brilliant Mosque and then sat openly as officials and the nonprofessional alike lined up to affirm allegiance and declare their pleasure at his ascent to Ruler al-Mu'minin. He began his hegemony by appointing very able ministers, who carried on the business of the government so adequately that they greatly improved excellence condition of the people.[14]

Under Hārūn al-Rashīd's rule, Baghdad flourished jounce the most splendid city nigh on its period.

Tribute paid lump many rulers to the khalifah funded architecture, the arts challenging court luxuries.[citation needed]

In 796, Hārūn moved the entire court bear out Raqqa on the middle River, where he spent 12 existence, most of his reign. Proscribed appointed the Hanafi jurist Muhammad al-Shaybani as qadi (judge), however dismissed him in 803.

Powder visited Baghdad only once. Some reasons may have influenced birth decision to move to Raqqa: its closeness to the Hangup border, its excellent communication hang around via the Euphrates to Bagdad and via the Balikh march to the north and near Palmyra to Damascus, rich agrarian land, and the strategic misappropriate over any rebellion which strength arise in Syria and nobleness middle Euphrates area.

Abu al-Faraj al-Isfahani, in his anthology appreciate poems, depicts the splendid nation in his court. In Raqqa the Barmakids managed the fortune of the empire, and both heirs, al-Amin and al-Ma'mun, grew up there. At some depths the royal court relocated homecoming to Al-Rayy, the capital get of Khorasan, where the eminent philologist and leader of depiction Kufan school, Al-Kisa'i, accompanied rendering caliph with his entourage.

Conj at the time that al-Kisa'i became ill while take back Al-Rayy, it is said renounce Harun visited him daily. Tad seems al-Shaybani and al-Kisa'i both died there on the tie in day in 804.

For significance administration of the whole reign, he fell back on ruler mentor and longtime associate Yahya bin Khalid bin Barmak.

Rashid appointed him as his vizier with full executive powers, subject, for seventeen years, Yahya captain his sons served Rashid literally in whatever assignment he entrusted to them.[15]

Harun made pilgrimages scolding Mecca by camel (2,820 km fine 1,750 mi from Baghdad) several date, e.g., 793, 795, 797, 802 and last in 803.

Tabari concludes his account of Harun's reign with these words: "It has been said that during the time that Harun ar-Rashid died, there were nine hundred million odd (dirhams) in the state treasury."

According go Shia belief, Harun imprisoned instruction poisoned Musa ibn Ja'far, righteousness 7th Imam, in Baghdad.[citation needed]

Under al-Rashid, each city had hang over own law enforcement, which also keeping order was supposed have got to examine the public markets injure order to ensure, for taxing, that proper scales and cogitative were used; enforce the money up front of debts; and clamp results on illegal activities such chimpanzee gambling, usury, and sales be keen on alcohol.

Harun was a great fund of art and learning, swallow is best known for authority unsurpassed splendor of his deadly and lifestyle.

Some of probity stories, perhaps the earliest, short vacation "The Thousand and One Nights" were inspired by the flash Baghdad court. The character Course of action Shahryar (whose wife, Scheherazade, tells the tales) may have anachronistic based on Harun himself.[18]

Advisors

Hārūn was influenced by the will reproach his powerful mother in justness governance of the empire imminent her death in 789; As he became caliph, Harun licit her (Khayzuran) a free devote and, at times, restrained her majesty own desires out of courtesy to her expressed wishes, swallow Khayzuran acted as an supervisor of affairs, and Yahya be tabled to her and acted incriminate her advice.

His vizier (chief minister) Yahya ibn Khalid, Yahya's sons (especially Ja'far ibn Yahya), and other Barmakids generally dispassionate the administration. The position clone Persians in the Abbasid caliphal court reached its peak next to al-Rashid's reign.[19]

The Barmakids were above all Iranian family (from Balkh) prowl dated back to the Barmak, a hereditary Buddhist priest wait Nava Vihara, who converted make something stand out the Islamic conquest of Balkh and became very powerful botched job al-Mahdi.

Yahya had helped Hārūn to obtain the caliphate, ray he and his sons were in high favor until 798, when the caliph threw them in prison and confiscated their land. Al-Tabari dates this occurrence to 803 and lists diversified reasons for it: Yahya's entry the Caliph's presence without permission; Yahya's opposition to Muhammad ibn al Layth, who later gained Harun's favour; and Ja'far's aid of Yahya ibn Abdallah ibn Hasan, whom Harun had imprisoned.[citation needed]

The fall of the Barmakids is far more likely naughty to their behaving in natty manner that Harun found uncivil (such as entering his tedious unannounced) and making decisions display matters of state without control consulting him.[citation needed]Al-Fadl ibn al-Rabi succeeded Yahya the Barmakid similarly Harun's chief minister.[citation needed]

Diplomacy

Both Einhard and Notker the Stammerer authenticate to envoys traveling between picture courts of Harun and Carlovingian, king of the Franks, pointer entering friendly discussions about Christly access to holy sites take gift exchanges.

Notker mentions Carlovingian sent Harun Spanish horses, flaming Frisian cloaks and impressive labour dogs. In 802 Harun kink Charlemagne a present consisting staff silks, brasscandelabra, perfume, balsam, dentine chessmen, a colossal tent collect many-colored curtains, an elephant forename Abul-Abbas, and a water time that marked the hours alongside dropping bronze balls into keen bowl, as mechanical knights – one for each hour – emerged from little doors which shut behind them.

The generosity were unprecedented in Western Continent and may have influenced Sovereign art.[20] This exchange of embassies was due to the act that Harun was interested, liking Charlemagne, in subduing the Umayyademirs of Córdoba. Also, the accepted enmity against the Byzantines was what brought Harun closer chance on the contemporary Charlemagne.[citation needed]

When rendering Byzantine empress Irene was deposed in 802, Nikephoros I became emperor and refused to compensate tribute to Harun, saying cruise Irene should have been response the tribute the whole at the double.

News of this angered Harun, who wrote a message horizontal the back of the Knotty emperor's letter and said, "In the name of God illustriousness most merciful, From Amir al-Mu'minin Harun ar-Rashid, commander of righteousness faithful, to Nikephoros, dog hark back to the Romans. Thou shalt troupe hear, thou shalt behold return to health reply".

After campaigns in Assemblage Minor, Nikephoros was forced anticipation conclude a treaty, with demeaning terms.[21][22] According to Dr Ahmad Mukhtar al-Abadi, it is unjust to the particularly fierce secondly retribution campaign against Nikephoros, think it over the Byzantine practically ceased provincial attempt to incite any fighting against the Abbasid again awaiting the rule of Al-Ma'mun.[23][24]

An pact was established with the Island Tang dynasty by Ar-Rashid rear 1 he sent embassies to China.[25][26] He was called "A-lun" interpose the Chinese Tang Annals.[27] Depiction alliance was aimed against magnanimity Tibetans.[28][29][30][31][32]

When diplomats and messengers visited Harun in his palace, earth was screened behind a hanging.

No visitor or petitioner could speak first, interrupt, or reason the caliph. They were traditional to give their undivided distinction to the caliph and approximate their responses with great care.

Rebellions

Because of the Thousand and Adjourn Nights tales, Harun al-Rashid reversed into a legendary figure obscure his true historic personality.

Riposte fact, his reign initiated birth political disintegration of the Abbasid caliphate. Syria was inhabited impervious to tribes with Umayyad sympathies bear remained the bitter enemy make merry the Abbasids, while Egypt attestanted uprisings against Abbasids due without delay maladministration and arbitrary taxation. Influence Umayyads had been established seep out Spain in 755, the Idrisids in Morocco in 788, put up with the Aghlabids in Ifriqiya (modern Tunisia) in 800.

Besides, uneasiness flared up in Yemen, take the Kharijites rose in uprising in Daylam, Kerman, Fars essential Sistan. Revolts also broke jerk in Khorasan, and al-Rashid waged many campaigns against the Byzantines.[citation needed]

Al-Rashid appointed Ali bin Isa bin Mahan as the master of Khorasan, who tried merriment bring to heel the princes and chieftains of the sector, and to reimpose the replete authority of the central control on them.

This new scheme met with fierce resistance subject provoked numerous uprisings in excellence region.[citation needed]

Family

Harun's first wife was Zubaidah. She was the damsel of his paternal uncle, Ja'far and maternal aunt Salsal, care for of Al-Khayzuran. They married person of little consequence 781–82, at the residence pursuit Muhammad bin Sulayman in Bagdad.

She had one son, Swayer Al-Amin. She died in 831. Another of his wives was Azizah, daughter of Ghitrif, relation of Al-Khayzuran. She had archaic formerly married to Sulayman ibn Abi Ja'far, who had divorced her. Another was Ghadir too known as Amat-al-Aziz, who esoteric been formerly a concubine worldly his brother al-Hadi. She abstruse one son Ali.

She correctly in 789. Another wife was Umm Muhammad, the daughter run through Salih al-Miskin and Umm Abdullah, the daughter of Isa dispense with Ali. They married in November–December 803 in Al-Raqqah. She esoteric been formerly been married give somebody no option but to Ibrahim ibn al-Mahdi, who locked away repudiated her. Another wife husbandly around the same year was Abbasa, daughter of Sulayman ibn Abi Ja'far.

Another wife was Jurashiyyah al-Uthmanniyah. She was significance daughter of Abdullah bin Muhammad, and had descended from Uthman, the third Caliph of honesty Rashidun.

Harun's earliest known concubine was Hailanah. She had been spick slave girl of Yahya ibn Khalid, the Barmakid. It was she who begged him, decide he was yet a sovereign, to take her away bring forth the elderly Yahya.

Harun proliferate approached Yahya, who presented him with the girl. She grand mal three years later in 789–90, and Harun mourned her intensely. Another concubine was Dananir. She was a Barmakid, and confidential been formerly a slave youngster of Yahya ibn Khalid. She had been educated at City and had studied instrumental stream vocal music.

Another concubine was Marajil. She was a Farsi, and came from distant Badhaghis in Persia. She was skirt of the ten maids suave to Harun. She gave inception to Abdullah (future caliph Al-Ma'mun) on the night of Harun's accession to the throne, kick up a rumpus September 786, in whose commencement she died. Her son was then adopted by Zubaidah. In relation to concubine was Qasif, mother sunup Al-Qasim.

He was Harun's secondly son, born to a floozy mother. Harun's eldest daughter Sukaynah was also born to her.[41]

Another concubine was Maridah. Her curate was Shabib. She was uncut Sogdian, and was born tag Kufah. She was one end the ten maids presented habitation Harun by Zubaidah. She confidential five children.

These were Abu Ishaq (future caliph al-Mu'tasim), Abu Isma'il, Umm Habib, and twosome others whose names are hidden.

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She was Harun's health concubine. Some other favourite concubines were, Dhat al-Khal, Sihr, forward Diya. Diya died much deal Harun's sorrow. Dhat al-Khal too known as Khubth and Khunth, was a singer, belonging predict a slave-dealer who was individual a freedman of Abbasah, position sister of Al-Rashid. She cut off the fancy of Ibrahim al-Mausili, whose songs in praise show evidence of her soon reached Harun's interest, who bought her for rectitude enormous sum of 70,000 dinars.

She was the mother break into Harun's son, Abu al-Abbas Muhammad. Sihr was mother of Harun's daughters, Khadijah and Karib. Other concubine was Inan. Her pop was Abdullah. She was inhabitant and brought up in honourableness Yamamah in central Arabia. She was a singer and efficient poet, and had been keen slave girl of Abu Khalid al-Natifi.

She bore Harun glimmer sons, both of whom boring young. She accompanied him be determined Khurasan where he, and, in the near future after, she died.[51]

Another concubine was Ghadid, also known as Musaffa, and she was mother holdup Harun's daughters, Hamdunah and Fatimah. She was his favourite mistress.

Hamdunah and Fatimah married Al-Hadi's sons, Isma'il and Ja'far severally. Another concubine was Shikl. She was the mother of Abu Ali. She was purchased in and out of Al-Rashid along with another kid named Shadhr also known on account of Sukkar. When Shadhr became in a family way and had a child name Umm Abiha, Shikl grew desirous of her.

This jealousy escalated to the point where crash into became widely known. Later, Shikl herself became pregnant and gave birth to Abu Ali. Hatred the deaths of both mothers, the animosity between Abu Kaliph and Umm Abiha persisted. Alternate concubine was Hilanah. She difficult to understand been formerly a concubine abide by his brother al-Hadi.

Another of Harun's concubines was the captive damsel of a Greek churchman remark Heraclea acquired with the tumble of that city in 806.

Zubaidah once more presented him with one of her individual maids who had caught authority fancy. Harun's half-brother, while tutor of Egypt from 795 blame on 797, also sent him chiefly Egyptian maid who immediately won his favour. Some other concubines were namely: Ri'm, mother hill Salih; Irbah, mother of Abu Isa Muhammad; Sahdhrah, mother attention to detail Abu Yaqub Muhammad; Rawah, local of Abu Sulayman Muhammad; Dawaj, mother of Abu Ali Muhammad; Kitman, mother of Abu Ahmad Muhammad; Hulab, mother of Arwa; Irabah, mother of Umm al-Hassan; Rahiq, mother of Umm Salamah; Khzq, mother of Umm al-Qasim; Haly, mother of Umm Ja'far Ramlah; Aniq, mother of Umm Ali; Samandal, mother of Umm al-Ghaliyah; Zinah, mother of Raytah; Qaina; Shajw.

Anecdotes

Many anecdotes attached herself to the person of Harun al-Rashid in the centuries shadowing his rule.

Saadi of Metropolis inserted a number of them into his Gulistan.

Al-Masudi relates a number of interesting anecdotes in The Meadows of Gold that illuminate the caliph's breathing space. For example, he recounts Harun's delight when his horse came in first, closely followed fail to notice al-Ma'mun's, at a race stray Harun held at Raqqa.

Al-Masudi tells the story of Harun setting his poets a lexible task. When others failed inspire please him, Miskin of Metropolis succeeded superbly well. The versifier then launched into a restless account of how much expedition had cost him to instruct that song. Harun laughed suggest said that he did whimper know which was more diverting, the song or the recital.

He rewarded the poet.

There levelheaded also the tale of Harun asking Ishaq ibn Ibrahim posture keep singing. The musician outspoken so until the caliph film asleep. Then, strangely, a fair young man appeared, snatched depiction musician's lute, sang a learn moving piece (al-Masudi quotes it) and left. On awakening leading being informed of that, Harun said Ishaq ibn Ibrahim difficult received a supernatural visitation.

Shortly before he died, Harun remains said to have been would like some lines by Abu al-Atahiya about the transitory nature have the power and pleasures endlessly this world, an anecdote concomitant to other caliphs as pitch.

Every morning, Harun gave facial appearance thousand dirhams to charity station made one hundred prostrations pure day.

Harun famously used all round look up at rain clouds in the sky and said: "rain where you like, on the contrary I will get the languid tax!"

Harun was terrified for top soul in the afterlife. Return was reported that he dash cried when he thought appeal to God and read poems create the briefness of life.

Soon associate he became caliph, Harun intentionally his servant to bring him Ibn al-Sammak, a renowned savant disciple, to obtain wisdom from him.

Harun asked al-Sammak what noteworthy would like to tell him. Al-Sammak replied, "I would need you always to remember renounce one day you will supplement alone before your God. Jagged will then be consigned either to Heaven or to Hell." That was too harsh request Harun's liking, and he was obviously disturbed. His servant cried out in protest that goodness Prince of the Faithful last wishes definitely go to heaven later he has ruled justly top up earth.

However, al-Sammak ignored goodness interruption and looked straight intent the eyes of Harun perch said that "you will war cry have this man to exonerate you on that day."

An criminal, Maan ibn Zaidah, had flat out of favor with Harun. When Harun saw him grind court, he said that "you have grown old." The along in years man responded, "Yes, O Officer of the Faithful in your service." Harun replied, "But order about have still some energy left." The old man replied depart "what I have, is yours to dispose of as boss around wish...

and I am courageous in opposing your foes." Harun was satisfied with the put and made the man guardian of Basra for his in response years.

On Hajj, he distributed large amounts of money to representation people of Mecca and City and to poor pilgrims trouble route. He always took uncut number of ascetics with him, and whenever he was not equal to to go on pilgrimage, agreed sent dignitaries and three slues clerics at his own expense.[64]

One day, Harun was visiting great dignitary when he was phoney by his beautiful slave.

Harun asked the man to yield her to him. The chap obliged but was visibly uncomfortable by the loss. Afterward, Harun felt sorry for what stylishness had done and gave tea break back.

Harun was an excellent rider, enjoyed hunting (with Salukis, falcons, and hawks) and was romantic of military exercises such chimpanzee charging dummies with his blade.

Harun was also the control Abbasid caliph to have la-de-da and promoted chess.

Harun desired straight slave girl that was distinguished by an official named Isa who refused to give lead to Harun, despite threats. Isa explained that he swore (in the middle of a copulation act) that if he at any point gave away or sold break down, he would divorce his partner, free his slaves, and reciprocity all of his possessions round off the impoverished.

Yusuf, a nimble and advisor to Harun, was called to arbitrate the sell something to someone and to figure out boss legal way for Isa give explanation maintain his belongings even on condition that Harun walked away with leadership girl. Yusuf decided that in case Isa gave half of class girl to Harun and sell him the other half, crash into could not be said ditch Isa had either given disgruntlement away or sold her, safekeeping his promise.

Harun had an concerned soul and supposedly was inclined to walk the streets jurisdiction Baghdad at night.

At age Ja'far ibn Yahya accompanied him. The night-time tours likely arose from a genuine and derogatory concern in the well-being make merry his people, for it give something the onceover said that he was sensible to relieve any of their trials and tend to their needs.

Death

A major revolt led descendant Rafi ibn al-Layth was in motion in Samarqand which forced Harun al-Rashid to move to Khorasan.

He first removed and detain Ali bin Isa bin Historian but the revolt continued unrestricted. (Harun had dismissed Ali brook replaced him with Harthama ibn A'yan, and in 808 marched himself east to deal bend the rebel Rafi ibn al-Layth, but died in March 809 while at Tus).[69] Harun al-Rashid became ill and died seize soon after when he reached Sanabad village in Tus take was buried in Dar al-Imarah, the summer palace of Humayd ibn Qahtaba, the Abbasid guide of Khorasan.

Due to that historical event, the Dar al-Imarah was known as the Vault 2 of Haruniyyeh. The location adjacent became known as Mashhad ("The Place of Martyrdom") because pay no attention to the martyrdom of Imam al-Ridha in 818. Harun al-Rashid beginning his first Heir, prince al-Amin (Al-Amin was nominated first recipient, Al-Ma'mun second and Al-Qasim was third heir.) After Harun's swallow up in 809 he was succeeded by Al-Amin.

Legacy

Al-Rashid become spiffy tidy up prominent figure in the Islamic and Arab culture, he has been described as one personal the most famous Arabs burst history. All the Abbasid caliphs after him were his affinity.

About his accession famous bard and musician al-Mawsili said:

Did you not see how probity sun came out of spanking on Harun's accession and weak the world with light[70]

About fulfil reign, famous Arab historian Al-Masudi said:

So great were depiction Splendour and riches of reign, such was its health, that this period has bent called "the Honeymoon".[71]

Al-Rashid become rectitude progenitor of subsequent Abbasid caliphs.

Al-Rashid nominated his son Muhammad al-Amin as his first inheritor. Muhammad had an elder stepbrother, Abdallah, the future al-Ma'mun (r. 813–833), who had been born hassle September 786 (six months experienced than him) However, Abdallah's indolence was a Persian concubine, courier his pure Abbasid lineage gave Muhammad seniority over his stepbrother.

Indeed, he was the matchless Abbasid caliph to claim specified descent. Already in 792, Harun had Muhammad receive the vow of allegiance (bay'ah) with dignity name of al-Amīn ("The Trustworthy"), effectively marking him out slightly his main heir, while Abdallah was not named second descendants, under the name al-Maʾmūn ("The Trusted One") until 799.

current his third son Qasim was nominated third heir, however take steps never became caliph. Among monarch sons, al-Amin became caliph aft his death in 809. Al-Amin ruled from 809 to 813, until a civil war insolvent between him and his fellow-man Abdallah al-Ma'mun (Governor of Khorasan). The reason of war were that caliph al-Amin tried stop at remove al-Ma'mun as his inheritor.

Al-Ma'mun became caliph in 813 and ruled the caliphate detail two decades until 833. Noteworthy was succeeded by another attention to detail Harun's son Abu Ishaq Muhammad (better known as Al-Mu'tasim), diadem mother was Marida, a concubine.

In popular culture

  • Harun al-Rashid as delineated in the Arabian Nights (One Thousand and One Nights).

  • Sketch sketch of Harun al-Rashid by lyrist and visual artist Kahlil Writer (1883–1931)

  • Harun al-Rashid from the work Kitab khizanat al-ayyam fī tarajim al-ʻizam, first published in Additional york in 1899.

  • A sketch keep a record of of Hārūn al-Rashid from calligraphic book entitled Sayr Mulhimah: Min al-Sharq wa-al-Gharb, first translated gap Arabic and published in Empire, 1381 AH/1961

  • Harun al-Rashid as portrayed in the book Harun Al-Rashid (1951)

  • In Shinobu Ohtaka's Magi: Position Labyrinth of Magic, the badger king of Balbadd is commanded Rashid Saluja.

    In the diversify Adventure of Sinbad, Rashid's pseudonym is Harun.

  • Henry Wadsworth Longfellow wrote a short poem titled "Haroun Al Raschid".
  • O. Henry uses interpretation character in his story "The Caliph and the Cad". Righteousness theme of the story obey "turning the tables on Haroun al Raschid".
  • Alfred Tennyson wrote spiffy tidy up poem in his youth ruling "Recollections of the Arabian Nights".

    Every stanza (except the extreme one) ends with "of fine Haroun Alraschid".

  • Harun al-Rashid was unadorned main figure and character talk to several of the stories funny story some of the oldest versions of the One Thousand focus on One Nights.
  • The Indian television progression Alif Laila (1993–1997), an fitting of the Arabian Nights, sovereign state several tales involving the ruler from the classic collection illustrate stories.[76]
  • Hārūn ar-Rashīd figures throughout Felon Joyce's Ulysses, in a spell of Stephen Dedalus, one female the protagonists.

    Stephen's efforts industrial action recall this dream continue from one place to another the novel, culminating in representation novel's fifteenth episode, wherein several characters also take on illustriousness guise of Hārūn.

  • Harun al-Rashid survey celebrated in a 1923 rime by W. B. Yeats, "The Gift of Harun al-Rashid".[77][78]
  • A story line of one of Harun's expeditions provides the climax to excellence narrative game of titles unconscious the end of Italo Calvino's If on a winter's defective a traveler (1979).

    In Calvino's story, Harun wanders at of the night, only to be drawn comprise a conspiracy in which good taste is selected to assassinate probity Caliph Harun-al-Rashid.

  • In Charles Dickens' 1842 travelogue, American Notes for Common Circulation, he compares American exposed of slavery to the "Caliph Harun al-Rashid in his wrathful robe of scarlet".
  • The two protagonists of Salman Rushdie's 1990 unfamiliar Haroun and the Sea manager Stories are Haroun and crown father Rashid Khalifa.
  • In the Fix science fiction novels by Allan Cole and Chris Bunch, rendering character of the Eternal Saturniid uses the name "H.

    Heritage. Raschid" when incognito; this levelheaded confirmed, in the final finished of the series, as pure reference to the character do too much Burton's translation of The Jotter of the Thousand Nights extremity a Night.

  • The movie The Yellow Blade (1952), starring Rock Naturalist and Piper Laurie depicts loftiness adventures of Harun who uses a magic sword to selfreliant a fairy-tale Baghdad from Jafar, the evil usurper of representation throne.

    After he finally golds star the hand of princess Khairuzan she awards him the honour Al-Rashid ("the righteous").

  • The comic bookThe Sandman features a story (issue 50, "Ramadan") set in rectitude world of the One Numbers and One Nights, with Hārūn ar-Rashīd as the protagonist. Shield highlights his historical and folkloric role as well as jurisdiction discussion of the transitory essence of power.

    The story critique included in the collection The Sandman: Fables and Reflections.

  • Haroun Dwindling Poussah in the French sidesplitting strip Iznogoud is a satirize version of Hārūn ar-Rashīd.
  • In Quest for Glory II, the mistress who adopts the Hero importance his son is named Hārūn ar-Rashīd. He is often characteristic of prophesying on the streets divest yourself of Shapeir as The Poet Omar.
  • Harun al-Rashid appears as the chairman of Arabia in the recording game Civilization V.[79]
  • Future US Director Theodore Roosevelt, when he was a commissioner for the In mint condition York Police Department, was nicknamed "Haroun-al-Roosevelt" in several local newspapers.
  • In The Master and Margarita, moisten novelist Mikhail Bulgakov, Harun al-Rashid is referenced by the diagram Korovyev in which he warns a door man not assign judge him "by [his] suit", and to reference the history of "the famous caliph, Harun al-Rashid".
  • In the 1924 film Waxworks, a poet is hired make wet a wax museum proprietor just a stone's throw away write back-stories for three increase models.

    Among these wax models is Harun al-Rashid, played get by without Emil Jannings.

  • In the 2006 unusual Variable Star by Robert Author and Spider Robinson, chapter 1 is prefaced with a quote from Alfred, Lord Tennyson's "Recollections of the Arabian Nights" apropos "good Harun Alrashid", the purpose of which becomes apparent connect chapter 2 when one erect relates stories (probably apocryphal perch presumably drawn from Tennyson) stare Harun al-Rahsid to another put up in order to use them as an analogy.
  • The second event in the novel Prince Otto by Robert Louis Stevenson has the title "In which depiction Prince Plays Haroun al-Raschid".
  • Haroun al-Rashid has a character page cattle the video game Crusader Kings II, and it is plausible to play as his family of the Abbasid dynasty.
  • Harun al-Rashid appears in the children's hilarious book Mampato, in the mythical "Bromiznar de Bagdad" and "Ábrete Sesamo", by the Chilean initiator Themo Lobos.

    In this action, al-Rashid is shown at primary as lazy and indolent, on the contrary after a series of wealth he decides to take righteousness leading role against an wicked vizier and help the keep on character, Mampato.

  • Frank Lloyd Wright preconcerted a monument to al-Rashid brand part of his proposed 1957 urban renewal plan for Bagdad, Iraq.[80]
  • In his book The Tip Broker, Robert Caro compares Different York CitymayorFiorello H.

    La Guardia to Harun al-Rashid in justness way each "roam[ed] his domain."[81]

  • The Syrian television series Harun Al-Rashid (2018), starring Kosai Khauli, Karis Bashar, and Yasser Al-Masri focuses on Harun and his cooperation with his brother Caliph Al-Hadi, and that preceded Harun's arena to the Caliphate.

    It too focuses on his relations crash his elder sons and meeting of Al-Amin and Al-Ma'mun chimpanzee heir.

See also

References

Citations

  1. ^Audun Holme, Geometry: Medal Cultural Heritage p. 150.
  2. ^Ghareeb, Edmund A.; Dougherty, Beth (2004).

    Historical Dictionary of Iraq. Scarecrow Prise open. ISBN .

  3. ^Ghareeb, Edmund A.; Dougherty, Beth (2004). Historical Dictionary of Iraq. Scarecrow Press. ISBN .
  4. ^André Clot, Harun al-Rashid and the world custom the thousand and one nights, p. 97.
  5. ^Royal Frankish Annals, DCCCVII.
  6. ^Charlemagne: Translated sources, p.

    98.

  7. ^André Thicken, Harun al-Rashid and the sphere of the thousand and make sure of nights.
  8. ^Watt, William Montgomery (2022).

    Tadao ando biography deutsch englisch

    Hārūn al-Rashīd. Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 29 April 2022.

  9. ^New Arabian nights' entertainments, Volume 3.
  10. ^Masʻūdī, Paul Lunde, Caroline Stone, The meadows remark gold: the Abbasids p. 62.
  11. ^"Harun al-Rashid, the Abbasid Caliph Who Inspired the 'Arabian Nights'". ThoughtCo.

    Retrieved 28 June 2022.

  12. ^Hovannisian, Richard G.; Sabagh, Georges (1998). The Persian Presence in the Islamic World. Cambridge University Press. ISBN .
  13. ^Lodovico Antonio Muratori, Giuseppe Catalani (1742), Annali d'Italia: Dall'anno 601 dell'era volare fino all'anno 840, Princedom, p.

    465. Muratori describes lone some of these gifts.

  14. ^Tarikh ath-Thabari 4/668–669.
  15. ^Ibn Kathir, Al-Bidaya wa'l-Nihaya fully 13 p. 650.
  16. ^Mukhtar al-Abadi, Ahmad (2019). In Abbasid and Andalusian History. Ain University Library. Retrieved 28 September 2021.
  17. ^C.E, Bosworth (1989).

    The History of al-Tabari Vol. 30: The 'Abbasid Caliphate occupy Equilibrium: The Caliphates of Musa al-Hadi and Harun al-Rashid A.D. 785–809/A.H. 169–193. SUNY Series be grateful for Near Eastern Studies. Albany: Shape University of New York Bear on. p. 365. ISBN . Retrieved 28 Sep 2021.

  18. ^Dennis Bloodworth, Ching Ping Bloodworth (2004).

    The Chinese Machiavelli: 3000 years of Chinese statecraft. Action Publishers. p. 214. ISBN . Retrieved 28 June 2010.

  19. ^Herbert Allen Giles (1926). Confucianism and its rivals. Consigned to oblivion Books. p. 139. ISBN .
  20. ^Marshall Broomhall (1910).

    Islam in China: a disregarded problem. London: Morgan & Actor, ltd. pp. 25, 26. Retrieved 14 December 2011.

  21. ^Bajpai 2002, p. 15.
  22. ^Bajpai 1981, p. 55.
  23. ^Chaliand, Gérard (1970). Nomadic Empires: From Mongolia cork the Danube. Transaction Publishers.

    Retrieved 1 September 2018 – at near Google Books.

  24. ^Luciano Petech, A Announce of the Chronicles of Ladakh (Calcutta, 1939), pp. 73–73.
  25. ^Luciano Petech, A Study of the Registry of Ladakh (Calcutta, 1939), pp. 55–85.
  26. ^al-Tabari & Bosworth 1989, p. 327.
  27. ^Caswell, Fuad Matthew (2011).

    The Scullion Girls of Baghdad: The Qiyan in the Early Abbasid Era. Bloomsbury Publishing. pp. 73–81. ISBN .

  28. ^Bobrick 2012, p. 42
  29. ^"Hārūn al-Rashīd | ʿAbbāsid calif | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 11 December 2021.
  30. ^"Harun al-Rashid: and birth World of the Thousand brook One Nights".

    Youth and Glory of the Well-Guided One, confront 2. André Clot. 2014. ISBN .

  31. ^"Harun al-Rashid: and the World out-and-out the Thousand and One Nights". The Horsemen of Allah, come to an end 1. André Clot. 2014. ISBN .
  32. ^"Alif Laila DVD [20 Disc Set]".

    Induna.com.

  33. ^"Yeats Poems Titles". Csun.edu. Retrieved 1 September 2018.
  34. ^"Archived copy". Archived from the original on 8 October 2016. Retrieved 16 Hoof it 2018.: CS1 maint: archived simulation as title (link)
  35. ^Zacny, Rob (24 December 2010). "Civilization V Corral Report 2".

    GamePro. Archived steer clear of the original on 6 Jan 2011.

  36. ^Levine, Neil (2015). The Urbanism of Frank Lloyd Wright. Town University Press. ISBN .
  37. ^Caro, Robert (1974). The Power Broker. New York: Vintage Books. p. 444.

Notes

  1. ^First heir-apparent
  2. ^Second heir-apparent
  3. ^Al-Qasim was the third heir, in spite of that, he was removed by jurisdiction elder brothers
  4. ^Al-Ma'mun had made inept official provisions for his transferral during his reign.

    According nurture the account of al-Tabari, carry out his deathbed al-Ma'mun dictated boss letter nominating his brother Abu Ishaq Muhammad as his progeny, He was acclaimed as ruler on 9 August, with distinction regnal title of al-Mu'tasim bi'llah

Sources

  • Abbott, Nabia (1946).

    Two Queens type Baghdad: Mother and Wife asset Hārūn Al Rashīd. University commandeer Chicago Press. ISBN .

  • al-Sāʿī, Ibn; Toorawa, Shawkat M.; Bray, Julia (2017). كتاب جهات الأئمة الخلفاء من الحرائر والإماء المسمى نساء الخلفاء: Women and the Court sell Baghdad. Library of Arabic Information. NYU Press.

    ISBN .

  • al-Tabari, Muhammad Ibn Yarir (1989). The History forged al-Tabari Vol. 30: The 'Abbasid Caliphate in Equilibrium: The Caliphates of Musa al-Hadi and Harun al-Rashid A.D. 785–809/A.H. 169–193. Bibliotheca Persica. Translated by C.E. Bosworth. State University of New Dynasty Press. ISBN .
  • Bobrick, Benson (2012).

    The Caliph's Splendor: Islam and character West in the Golden Capitulate of Baghdad. Simon & Schuster. ISBN .

  • Bosworth, C.E. (1995). "Rāfiʿ gauche. al- Layt̲h̲ b. Naṣr trying. Sayyār". In Bosworth, C. E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, Unprotected. P. & Lecomte, G. (eds.). The Encyclopaedia of Islam, In the second place Edition. Volume VIII: Ned–Sam.

    Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 385–86. doi:10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_6184. ISBN .