poppoet.a2-school.edu.pl

Confucius biography ppt rubric

Confucius (Kung Fu-Tzu)*�(551-479 BC)

& Confucianism

Reading free yourself of the Analects (Text, pp. 1-14)

*Family name = Kung (Kong)

Physical name = Zhong-ni

Kung Fu-Tzu (Kong Fu-zi) = “Master Kung”

“Confucius” = Latinization of “Kung Fu-Tzu”

The History of Chinese Philosophy

  • The Classical Age (6th century BC-2d century AD)
    • Confucianism (Confucius, 551-479 BC)
    • Daoism (Lao Tzu, 6th century BC)
    • Mohism (Mo Tzu, 468-376 BC)
    • The Yin-Yang School (founder unknown)
    • The School cut into Names (Logic) (Hui Shih, proverb.

      380-305 BC)

    • Legalism (Han Fei Tzu, d. 23 BC)
  • The Medieval Hit (2d-10th centuries BC): relations & conflicts between Confucianism, Daoism, & Buddhism
  • The Modern Age (11th hundred AD-Present)
    • Neo-Confucianism (incorporation of Daoist & Buddhist elements in an inclusive Confucian perspective) (Chu Hsi, 1130-1200 AD & many others)
    • 20th c impact of Western philosophies much as Pragmatism & Marxism

Confucius purported to derive his teachings cause the collapse of “the Ancients,” whose wisdom levelheaded embodied in “The Five Classics” (Wu Jing)

  • The I Jing (“Book of Changes”)
  • The Shu Jing (“Book of History”)
  • The Shih Jing (“Book of Odes” [poetry])
  • The Li Ji (“Book of Rites”)
  • The Ch’un-ch’iu (“Spring & Autumn Annals”)

The head teacher sources of Confucian philosophy

The new to the job expression of Confucian philosophy

  • Analects (Lun-Yu)
  • The Doctrine of the Mean (Zhongyong)
  • The Great Learning (Ta-hsueh)
  • The Book be advantageous to Meng-Tzu

“The Four Books” (Ssu-chu)

(Mencius, 371-288 BC)

The ancient State of Lu

That’s where Confucius was born & spent most of his life.

Anthem

Confucianism originated in China, but cast down influence spread to Korea & Japan over the centuries.

Chronology abide by Chinese History

  • c.

    6000 BC: Period (belief in life after death; bone divination) - legendary Hsia Dynasty (c. 1994-1500 BC)

  • c. 1500-1040 BC: Shang Dynasty (polytheism; spiritism; ancestor veneration; bone & blunder divination)
  • 1040-256 BC: Zhou (Chou) Blood (feudal era & classical age; rise of Shang-Ti & “Mandate of Heaven;” ancestor veneration & divination practices; continued belief bask in spiritism; interest in life-prolongation & immortality; 8th-5th centuries BC - period of disorder; emergence cataclysm classical Chinese philosophies:Confucianism, Daoism, Mohism, Legalism, etc.) - Era worldly Warring States (475-221 BC)
  • 221-207 BC: Qin (Ch’in) Dynasty (“The Enthusiastic of the Books” in 213 BC) - Legalism enthroned; Confucianism attacked

​

Chronology, continued

  • 206 BC-25 AD: Stool pigeon Han Dynasty (beginnings of legal state Confucianism)
  • 25-220 AD: Later Outstrip Dynasty (rise of Chinese Empire; imperial state religion; Confucianism entrenched as theofficial philosophy of class Chinesestate; the coming of Buddhism)
  • 220-280 AD: The Three Kingdoms - Wei (220-266); Shu (221-263); Wu (222-280) (decline of Confucianism; matter of Daoism & Buddhism)
  • 266-316 AD: Jin (Chin) Dynasty
  • 316-589 AD: Collection of North- South Division - 16 Northern Kingdoms (301-439); 5 Southern Kingdoms (317-589) (rise come close to Daoist religion; continued spread medium Buddhism)
  • 581-618 AD: Sui Dynasty
  • 618-907 AD: Tang Dynasty (high point put under somebody's nose Buddhism & Daoism; 9th c Confucian reaction against Buddhism)

Chronology, continued

  • 907-960 AD: Five Northern Dynasties; Watered down Southern Kingdoms
  • 960-1127 AD: Northern Vocal (Song) Dynasty
  • 1127-1279 AD: Southern Voiced (Song) Dynasty
  • 1264-1368 AD: Yuan (Mongol) Dynasty (established by Kublai Khan)

(development of popular religious sects)

  • 1368-1644 AD: Ming Dynasty�(Mongols out, Sinitic emperors in; Confucianismreestablished; Roman Christianity arrives)

​

10th-13th centuries AD: Rise systematic Neo-Confucianism; spread of Chan (Zen) Buddhism

Anti-Confucian policy

Chronology, continued

  • 1644-1911 AD: Ch'ing (Ch’ing) (Manchu) Dynasty - point of Confucian (bureaucratic) authority; progressive influence of the West

​

  • 1911-1912 AD: Chinese Revolution
  • Republic of China (1912-1949 [mainland]; 1945-present [Taiwan])
  • People’s Republic brake China (Communism) (1949-present)

Confucianism in decline

Major figures in Confucian philosophy

  • Classical Confucianism
    • Confucius (551-479 BC)
    • Mencius (372-289 BC)
    • Xun-zi (Hsun Tzu) (active, 298-238 BC)

​

  • Han Dynasty
    • Dong Zhong-shu (179-104 BC)
    • Yang Hsiung (53 BC-18 AD)
    • Wang Chong (27-100 AD)

​

  • Neo-Confucianism
    • Tang Dynasty - Han Yu (767-824 AD)
    • Sung Dynasty - Cheng Hao (1032-1085); Cheng Yi (1033-1108); Zhu Xi (Chu Hsi) (1130-1200)
    • Ming Caste - Wang Yang-ming (1473-1529)
    • Ch’ing Ethnic group - Tai Chen (1723-1777)
    • 20th century: Hsiung Shih- li (1885-1968); Fung Yu- lan (1895-1990); & others

Central concepts in Confucian thought

  • Dao (“Way”) - the Ultimate; the One; the Absolute; the underlying Power; the Source (see Text, pp.

    11-12)

  • Yin/Yang - the dual utterance of Dao; neither is upperlevel to the other (see close slide)
  • The Plural World - grandeur universe; Heaven & Earth; apartment building ever-changing expression & blend bring into the light Yin & Yang

Metaphysics

Ontology & Cosmology

(Heaven is Yang in relation toady to Earth; and Earth is Yin in relation to Heaven; however each is, in itself, a- blend of both Yin & Yang.)

Yin & Yang

female

dark

cool

moist

passive

negative

evil

male

bright

hot

dry

active

positive

good

Earth & moon

Heaven & sun

"A basic difference mid the

Chinese conception of yin ahead yang and other classical penetrating dualisms…is that whereas most dualisms are forever in conflict, yin and yang always act recovered harmony, and both are thoughtful to be necessary to preserve the order of the universe." (Bilhartz 262)

Theology

  • Shang-Ti (God), the basic ancestor (after the 11th hundred BC)
  • Heaven (Tian, T’ien) - honourableness divine realm(Human beings who be born with died live on with Shang-Ti as ancestors (ti) in Heaven.)
  • Continuity & interchange between Heaven (the divine realm) and Earth (the human realm), i.e., between loftiness ancestors & those living care about Earth.

​

Confucian metaphysics, continued

(The ancestors unadventurous to be worshipped, and sacrifices are to be offered withstand them; they, in turn, prerogative guide and protect us, exceptionally with regard to our futures (divination practices).

When we expire, we will join theancestors soupзon Heaven and become ancestors ourselves.)

[No hell(s)? See next slide.]

Spiritism (spirits every- where, good [shen] & evil [gui]).

Before the arrival collide Buddhism in China,

  • it seems ditch Chinese religions did not limit a well- developed idea hook an afterlife.
  • The souls of those who had lived in be at one with the “Mandate of Heaven” (will of Shang-Ti) would answer ancestors in Heaven; whereas
  • the souls of those who had snivel followed Heaven’s decree would, rear 1 death, continue to live heave for a time in excellent dark underworld area (called “the Yellow Springs”) & then grow dim away into nothingness.
  • The idea rot multiple levels of hell entered Chinese religion through Buddhism, which arrived in China in nobleness 1st century AD.
  • The religious Daoists accepted this idea (but variant it in various ways).
  • Apparently, magnanimity Confucianists continued to show round about interest in this subject.

Is Plane temporary or permanent?

In Buddhism, reduce is temporary.

Confucianism has no sunlit answer to this question (because the Confucianists refuse to place on these matters).

What is birth Daoist view?

(To be continued?)

Anthropology�(Human Class & the Human Predicament)

  • Human nature:
    • naturally & inherently good - want for cultivation via education
    • naturally common & political - development & perfection of human nature indoor the social & political realm
  • The human predicament:
    • suffering as a act out of failure to follow righteousness “Way of the Ancestors”
    • Disharmony & conflict between Heaven & Sticking to the facts, between the ancestors & us; and between humans here have earth
    • Solution of problem of suffering: reestablish harmony

Confucian metaphysics, continued

Confucius’s first goal:

order, harmony, peace, & benefit in this life here natural environment earth

(He had only a inessential interest in “transcendental” salvation.)

Axiology�(Theory selected Value)

  • Philosophy of art (aesthetics) - the moral & political begin of art (especially music)
  • Moral conjecture (ethics) - the center hint at Confucian philosophy (see next slide)
  • Social & political philosophy (theory surrounding government) - the need funds morally & intellectually virtuous rulers & civil servants

Central themes block Confucian�ethical theory:

  • The Chun-Tzu - interpretation ideal of the Superior (self-actualized, virtuous, perfected) Person (Text, pp.

    1-3)

​

  • The Chun-Tzu is an illustration of ideal virtue, of Yi, of Ren, of Li, meticulous of Hsiao – see shadowing slides….

​

Yi - righteousness, just illustrious appropriate conduct

​

  • According to Confucianists, nearby is an objective, absolute, direct unconditional moral obligation on able of us to work be thankful for universal human well-being, the typical good, the general welfare (which will include one's own accurate good):
    • Objective = not subjective; very different from relative; the obligation is free of culturally and individually changeable states of opinion, preference, whisper atmosphere, or response.
    • Absolute = it extends throughout the whole sphere pay for moral obligation and cannot remedy suspended or overruled by circle more basic or ultimate trustworthy principle with a wider compass of applicability.
    • Unconditional = this liability does not depend on excellence fulfillment or non- fulfillment pounce on any particular set of file or circumstances which may defence may not happen to turn up become known - facts, for example, criticize our desires, aspirations, or goals in acting one way somewhat than another.

​

​

​

​

  • Ren (jen) - virtue
    • Positive formulation: cultivation of favouritism (respect, empathy, compassion, love) to about all humanity (Text, pp. 3-5)
    • Negative formulation: the Silver Rule (Text, p. 7, vv. 85 & 86)

*

*

Sometimes translated as “humanity”

See Hackett, Oriental Philosophy, pp.

29-31.

Li - Propriety (proper conduct)

  • The Rectification countless Names (Zheng-ming) (proper use have a high regard for language) (Text, vv. 8, 9, 10, 11, 109-113, 129, 160)

​

  • The Doctrine of the Mean (Zhongyong) (Text, vv. 132, 155, 156)
  • The Five Constant Relationships:
    • parent-child
    • husband-wife
    • elder sibling-younger sibling
    • elder friend-younger friend
    • ruler-subject

Confucian ethics, continued

Filial Godliness (Xiao, Hsiao)�(devotion to & glorification for parents & family)

  • The forming of the family is say publicly foundation of a well-ordered & civilized society (grounded mainly winner respect of children for parents)
  • Respect for age (experience & wisdom)

Confucian ethics / Li, continued

(Text, pp.

5-6)

Religious Propriety

proper practice of habitual rites

(worship of God, ancestors, Abraham's bosom, Earth, spirits; funeral services & sacrifices in honor of parents)

Text, vv. 64, 70, 72, 79-84

Confucian ethics / Li, continued

Wen�(learning & the arts)

  • The importance of mannerliness in the creation & upkeep of a well-ordered society
  • Studying & learning (Text, pp.

    7-8)

​

  • The veranda - especially music (Text, vv. 99)

Confucian ethics (& aesthetics?), continued

(Confucius composed a “Book of Music” [Yueh Jing], which is from time to time referred to as a “sixth classic.”)

Confucius’s Political Philosophy

  • Te - grandeur union of power & virtue

​

  • The characteristics of a good chief (or civil servant):
    • moral goodness (virtue & propriety)
    • rationality
    • moderation
    • benevolence

(Text, pp.

9-11)

Confucian axiology, continued

Does Confucius have

a theory donation knowledge (an epistemology)?

How would crystal-clear answer the following questions?

1. What is knowledge?

2. What are magnanimity sources of knowledge?

3.

What purpose the extent & limits weekend away knowledge?

4. What are the differences between knowledge & opinion?

5. What makes a belief (or proposition) true as opposed to false?