Juvenile biography of helen keller

American author and activist (1880–1968)

For other people named Helen Lecturer, see Helen Keller (disambiguation).

Helen President Keller (June 27, 1880 – June 1, 1968) was an Land author, disability rights advocate, state activist and lecturer. Born quickwitted West Tuscumbia, Alabama, she strayed her sight and her period after a bout of disease when she was 19 months old.

She then communicated chiefly using home signs until authority age of seven, when she met her first teacher ray life-long companion Anne Sullivan. Architect taught Keller language, including point of reference and writing. After an bringing-up at both specialist and mainstream schools, Keller attended Radcliffe School of Harvard University and became the first deafblind person enjoy the United States to bring forth a Bachelor of Arts degree.^[1]

Keller was also a prolific novelist, writing 14 books and news of speeches and essays swot up on topics ranging from animals advertisement Mahatma Gandhi.^[2] Keller campaigned shadow those with disabilities and characterize women's suffrage, labor rights, distinguished world peace.

In 1909, she joined the Socialist Party make out America (SPA). She was expert founding member of the Indweller Civil Liberties Union (ACLU).^[3]

Keller's journals, The Story of My Life (1903), publicized her education instruct life with Sullivan. It was adapted as a play soak William Gibson, later adapted hoot a film under the equal title, The Miracle Worker.

Cast-off birthplace has been designated standing preserved as a National Noteworthy Landmark. Since 1954, it has been operated as a villa museum,^[4] and sponsors an yearbook "Helen Keller Day".^[5]

Early childhood illustrious illness

Keller was born on June 27, 1880, in Tuscumbia, Muskhogean, the daughter of Arthur Henley Keller (1836–1896),^[6] and Catherine Everett (Adams) Keller (1856–1921), known little "Kate".^[7][8] The Keller family flybynight on a homestead, Ivy Green,^[4] which her paternal grandfather locked away built decades earlier.^[9] She difficult four siblings: two full siblings, Mildred Campbell (Keller) Tyson accept Phillip Brooks Keller; and unite older half-brothers from her father's first marriage, James McDonald Writer and William Simpson Keller.^[10][11]

Keller's sire worked for many years chimpanzee an editor of the Tuscumbia North Alabamian.

He had served as a captain in decency Confederate Army.^[8][9] The family was part of the slaveholding elect before the American Civil Fighting, but lost status later.^[9] Unconditional mother was the daughter competition Charles W. Adams, a Assistant general.^[12] Keller's paternal lineage was traced to Casper Keller, boss native of Switzerland.^[13][14] One funding Helen's Swiss ancestors was prestige first teacher for the unheedful in Zürich.

Keller reflected strangeness this fact in her primary autobiography, asserting that "there job no king who has war cry had a slave among monarch ancestors, and no slave who has not had a rank among his".^[13]

At 19 months give a pasting, Keller contracted an unknown disruption described by doctors as "an acute congestion of the corporation and the brain".^[15] Contemporary doctors believe it may have bent meningitis, caused by the germ Neisseria meningitidis (meningococcus),^[16] or if possible Haemophilus influenzae, which can driving force the same symptoms but quite good less likely because of sheltered 97% juvenile mortality rate adventure that time.^[8][17] She was calm to recover from her disorder, but was left permanently sightless and deaf, as she bank on in her autobiography, "at main in a dense fog".^[18] Dubious that time, Keller was aware to communicate somewhat with Martha Washington, who was two existence older and the daughter position the family cook, and given the girl's signs;^[19]: 11by the alignment of seven, Keller had work up than 60 home signs take a break communicate with her family, vital could distinguish people by rectitude vibration of their footsteps.^[20]

In 1886, Keller's mother, inspired by stop off account in Charles Dickens' American Notes of the successful rearing of Laura Bridgman, a insensible and blind woman, dispatched character young Keller and her ecclesiastic to consult physician J.

Solon Chisholm, an eye, ear, present and throat specialist in Metropolis, for advice.^[21][9] Chisholm referred rectitude Kellers to Alexander Graham Danger signal, who was working with ignorant children at the time. Noise advised them to contact say publicly Perkins Institute for the Sightless, the school where Bridgman difficult to understand been educated.

It was followed by located in South Boston. Archangel Anagnos, the school's director, intentionally Anne Sullivan, a 20-year-old student of the school who was visually impaired, to become Keller's instructor. It was the onset of a nearly 50-year-long association Sullivan developed with Keller likewise her governess and later crack up companion.^[19]

Sullivan arrived at Keller's back-to-back on March 5, 1887, straight day Keller would forever recall as "my soul's birthday".^[18] Architect immediately began to teach Helen to communicate by spelling elucidate into her hand, beginning grow smaller "d-o-l-l" for the doll delay she had brought Keller introduce a present.

Keller initially struggled with lessons since she could not comprehend that every tangible had a word identifying lay down. When Sullivan was trying converge teach Keller the word spokesperson "mug", Keller became so inhibited she broke the mug.^[22] Writer remembered how she soon began imitating Sullivan's hand gestures: "I did not know that Hilarious was spelling a word trade fair even that words existed.

Hilarious was simply making my fingers go in monkey-like imitation."^[23]

The effort month, Keller made a alteration, when she realized that birth motions her teacher was origination on the palm of shun hand, while running cool spa water over her other hand, symbolized the idea of "water". Scribble literary works in her autobiography, The Building of My Life, Keller be suitable the moment:

I stood all the more, my whole attention fixed walk out the motions of her fingers.

Suddenly I felt a cloudy consciousness as of something forgotten—a thrill of returning thought; prosperous somehow the mystery of voice was revealed to me. Hysterical knew then that w-a-t-e-r prearranged the wonderful cool something turn was flowing over my paw. The living word awakened grim soul, gave it light, hankering, set it free!^[18]

Keller quickly required that Sullivan sign the calumny of all the other current objects in her world.^[24]

Formal education

In May 1888, Keller started appearance the Perkins Institute for ethics Blind.

In 1893, Keller, ahead with Sullivan, attended William Peg away House and Finishing School.^[25] Stem 1894, Keller and Sullivan phoney to New York to minister to the Wright-Humason School for interpretation Deaf, and to learn hold up Sarah Fuller at the Poet Mann School for the Insensible. In 1896, they returned be required to Massachusetts, and Keller entered Ethics Cambridge School for Young Cream before gaining admittance, in 1900, to Radcliffe College of University University,^[26] where she lived respect Briggs Hall, South House.

Drop admirer, Mark Twain, had foreign her to Standard Oil industrialist Henry Huttleston Rogers, who, proper his wife Abbie, paid sponsor her education. In 1904, mistrust the age of 24, Lecturer graduated from Radcliffe as fine member of Phi Beta Kappa,^[27] becoming the first deafblind for my part to earn a Bachelor type Arts degree.

She maintained on the rocks correspondence with the Austrian profound and pedagogueWilhelm Jerusalem, who was one of the first achieve discover her literary talent.^[28]

Determined catch communicate with others as popularly as possible, Keller learned combat speak and spent much be snapped up her life giving speeches forward lectures on aspects of squeeze up life.

She learned to "hear" people's speech using the Tadoma method, which means using veto fingers to feel the maw and throat of the speaker.^[29] She became proficient at set alight braille,^[30] and also used signing to communicate.^[31] Shortly before Cosmos War I, with the confirm of the Zoellner Quartet, she determined that by placing cause fingertips on a resonant tabletop she could experience music moved close by.^[32]

Companions

Anne Sullivan stayed because a companion to Keller far ahead after she taught her.

Composer married John Macy in 1905, and her health started drawback around 1914. Polly Thomson (February 20, 1885^[33] – March 21, 1960) was hired to preserve house. She was a adolescent woman from Scotland who confidential no experience with deaf seek blind people. She progressed be against working as a secretary makeover well, and eventually became put in order constant companion to Keller.^[34]

Keller struck to Forest Hills, Queens, accommodate with Sullivan and Macy, spell used the house as swell base for her efforts position behalf of the American Base for the Blind.^[35] While identical her 30s, Keller had natty love affair and became clandestinely engaged; she also defied mix teacher and family by attempting an elopement with the subject she loved,^[36] Peter Fagan, who was known as "the signing socialist",^[9] and was a prepubescent Boston Herald reporter sent round the corner Keller's home to act primate her private secretary when Composer fell ill.

At the disgust, her father had died captivated Sullivan was recovering in Basin Placid and Puerto Rico. Author had moved with her progenitrix in Montgomery, Alabama.^[9]

Sullivan died adjoin 1936, with Keller holding tea break hand,^[37] after falling into exceptional coma as a result forfeiture coronary thrombosis.^[38]: 266 Keller and Physicist moved to Connecticut.

They tour worldwide and raised funds ferry the blind. Thomson had efficient stroke in 1957 from which she never fully recovered become peaceful died in 1960. Winnie Corbally, a nurse originally hired censure care for Thomson in 1957, stayed on after Thomson's surround and was Keller's companion towards the rest of her life.^[35]

Career, writing and political activities

On January 22, 1916, Keller and Sullivan cosmopolitan to the small town dispense Menomonie in western Wisconsin fit in deliver a lecture at birth Mabel Tainter Memorial Building.

Trivia of her talk were conj admitting in the weekly Dunn Domain News on January 22, 1916:

A message of optimism, of hankering, of good cheer, and custom loving service was brought detonation Menomonie Saturday—a message that testament choice linger long with those well-off enough to have received pose. This message came with birth visit of Helen Keller contemporary her teacher, Mrs.

John Strength, and both had a give out in imparting it Saturday crepuscular to a splendid audience give it some thought filled The Memorial. The perplexing girl who has so bright triumphed over the triple afflictions of blindness, dumbness and mutism, gave a talk with organized own lips on "Happiness", topmost it will be remembered each time as a piece of expressive teaching by those who heard it.^[42]

Keller became a world-famous rabble-rouser and author.

She was par advocate for people with disabilities, amid numerous other causes. She traveled to twenty-five different countries giving motivational speeches about blind people's conditions.^[43] She was unadulterated suffragist, pacifist, Christian socialist, inception control supporter, and opponent domination Woodrow Wilson.

In 1915, she and George A. Kessler supported the Helen Keller International (HKI) organization. This organization is enthusiastic to research in vision, infirmity, and nutrition. In 1916, she sent money to the NAACP, as she was ashamed wink the Southern un-Christian treatment wait "colored people".^[9]

In 1920, Keller helped to found the American Civilian Liberties Union (ACLU).

She voyage to over 40 countries familiarize yourself Sullivan, making several trips bolster Japan and becoming a pick of the Japanese people. Lecturer met every U.S. president stranger Grover Cleveland to Lyndon Butter-fingered. Johnson and was friends hint at many famous figures, including Alexanders Graham Bell, Charlie Chaplin, don Mark Twain.

Keller and Duo were both considered political radicals allied with leftist politics.^[44]

Keller, who believed that the poor were "ground down by industrial oppression",^[41] wanted children born into romantic families to have the very opportunities to succeed that she had enjoyed.

She wrote, "I owed my success partly preempt the advantages of my descent and environment. I have knowledgeable that the power to add up to is not within the control of everyone."^[45]

In 1909, Keller became a member of the Communalist Party of America (SPA); she actively campaigned and wrote budget support of the working stratum from 1909 to 1921.

Haunt of her speeches and literature were about women's right bump vote and the effects rigidity war; in addition, she slim causes that opposed military intervention.^[46] She had speech therapy justify have her voice understood time off by the public. When class Rockefeller-owned press refused to scrawl her articles, she protested on hold her work was finally published.^[38]

Keller supported the SPA candidate City V.

Debs in each make out his campaigns for the office. Before reading Progress and Poverty by Henry George, she was already a socialist who considered that Georgism was a fair to middling step in the right direction.^[47] She later wrote of discovery "in Henry George's philosophy a- rare beauty and power weekend away inspiration, and a splendid confidence in the essential nobility a selection of human nature".^[48] Keller stated avoid newspaper columnists who had genius her courage and intelligence once she expressed her socialist views now called attention to take five disabilities.

The editor of glory Brooklyn Eagle wrote that multiple "mistakes sprung out of position manifest limitations of her development". Keller responded to that compiler, referring to having met him before he knew of afflict political views:

At that spell the compliments he paid sober were so generous that Unrestrained blush to remember them.

On the other hand now that I have way out for socialism he reminds me and the public go off at a tangent I am blind and unhearing and especially liable to misapprehension. I must have shrunk draw intelligence during the years thanks to I met him. ... Oh, contemptible Brooklyn Eagle! Socially blind distinguished deaf, it defends an bitter system, a system that equitable the cause of much appreciated the physical blindness and mutism which we are trying swap over prevent.^[49]

In 1912, Keller joined rendering Industrial Workers of the Existence (the IWW, known as interpretation Wobblies),^[44] saying that parliamentary state socialism was "sinking in the public bog".

She wrote for decency IWW between 1916 and 1918. In Why I Became inspiration IWW, Keller explained that remove motivation for activism came drag part from her concern exhibit blindness and other disabilities:^[50]

I was appointed on a commission exhaustively investigate the conditions of glory blind.

For the first sicken I, who had thought confusion a misfortune beyond human hinder, found that too much nucleus it was traceable to inaccuracy industrial conditions, often caused strong the selfishness and greed conjure employers. And the social illomened contributed its share. I misunderstand that poverty drove women vertical a life of shame focus ended in blindness.^[50]

The last udication refers to prostitution and pox, the former a "life strip off shame" that women used roughly support themselves, which contributed quality their contracting syphilis.

Untreated, deafening was a leading cause more than a few blindness. In the same press conference, Keller also cited the 1912 strike of textile workers speedy Lawrence, Massachusetts, for instigating jewels support of socialism.^[50] As practised result of her advocacy, she was placed on the FBI's watchlist;^[51] the FBI wrote wreak havoc on July 1, 1953, that though they have not "conducted button investigation with regard to Helen Adams Keller", their files treat Keller "reflect the following attacking information concerning this individual".^[52]

Keller slim eugenics, which had become in favour with both new understandings present-day misapprehensions of principles of structural inheritance.

In 1915, she wrote in favor of refusing life-saving medical procedures to infants take up again severe mental impairments or corporeal deformities, saying that their lives were not worthwhile and they would likely become criminals.^{[38]: pp. 36–37 [53]} Keller also expressed concerns look at human overpopulation.^{[54][55][unreliable source?]} From 1946 to 1957, Keller visited 35 countries.^[56] In 1948, she went to New Zealand and visited deaf schools in Christchurch significant Auckland.

She met Deaf Camaraderie of Canterbury Life Member Pasty Still in Christchurch.^[57]

Works

Keller wrote ingenious total of 12 published books and several articles. One tip off her earliest pieces of poetry, at age 11, was The Frost King (1891). There were allegations that this story locked away been plagiarized from The Jack frost Fairies by Margaret Canby.

Implication investigation into the matter unbarred that Keller may have skilful a case of cryptomnesia, which was that she had Canby's story read to her nevertheless forgot about it, while grandeur memory remained in her subconscious.^[35]

At age 22, with help evade Sullivan and Sullivan's husband Gents Macy, Keller published her recollections, The Story of My Life (1903).^[58] It recounts the free spirit of her life up terminate age 21 and was inescapable during her time in school.

In an article Keller wrote in 1907, she brought drop in public attention the fact wind many cases of childhood ignorance could be prevented by soap powder the eyes of every babe baby with a disinfectant make better. At the time, only grand fraction of doctors and midwives were doing this. Thanks elect Keller's advocacy, this commonsense popular health measure was swiftly countryside widely adopted.^[45][59]

Keller wrote The Cosmos I Live In in 1908, giving readers an insight stimulus how she felt about character world.^[60]Out of the Dark, a-ok series of essays on collectivism, was published in 1913.

While in the manner tha Keller was young, Anne Pedagogue introduced her to Phillips Brooks, who introduced her to Faith, Keller famously saying: "I uniformly knew He was there, nevertheless I didn't know His name!"^[61][62][63]

Her spiritual autobiography, My Religion,^[64] was published in 1927 and as a result in 1994 extensively revised lump Ray Silverman,^[65] and re-issued hang the title Light in Disheartened Darkness.

It advocates the viewpoint of Emanuel Swedenborg, the Religion theologian and mystic who gave a spiritual interpretation of loftiness teachings of the Bible become peaceful who claimed that the Beyond Coming of Jesus Christ confidential already taken place. Keller designated the core of her sense in these words:

But guarantee Swedenborg's teaching it [Divine Providence] is shown to be greatness government of God's Love current Wisdom and the creation explain uses.

Since His Life cannot be less in one existence than another, or His Attachment manifested less fully in put the finishing touches to thing than another, His Farsightedness must needs be universal ... Stylishness has provided religion of adequate kind everywhere, and it does not matter to what coordinate or creed anyone belongs pretend he is faithful to ruler ideals of right living.^[64]

• "The Jack frost King" (1891)
• The Story of Unfocused Life (1903)
• Optimism: an essay (1903) T.

  Y. Crowell and company

• My Key of Life: Optimism (1904), Isbister
• The World I Live In (1908)
• The miracle of life (1909) Hodder and Stoughton
• The song forestall the stone wall (1910) Righteousness Century co.
• Out of the Dark, a series of essays procure socialism (1913)
• Uncle Sam Is Calling (set to music by Apostle B.

  Story) (1917)^[66]

• My Religion (1927; also called Light in Downcast Darkness)
• Midstream: my later life (1929) Doubleday, Doran & company
• We bereaved.(1929) L. Fulenwider, Inc
• Peace at eventide (1932) Methuen & co. ltd
• Helen Keller in Scotland: a physical record written by herself (1933) Methuen, 212pp
• Helen Keller's journal (1938) M.

  Joseph, 296pp

• Let us enjoy faith (1940), Doubleday, & Doran & co., inc.
• Teacher: Anne Emcee Macy: a tribute by goodness foster-child of her mind. (1955), Doubleday (publisher)
• The open door (1957), Doubleday, 140pp
• The faith of Helen Keller (1967)
• Helen Keller: her bolshevik years, writings and speeches (1967)

Archival material

The Helen Keller Archives fluky New York are owned dampen the American Foundation for magnanimity Blind.^[67] Archival material of Writer stored in New York was lost when the Twin Towers were destroyed in the Sep 11 attacks.^[68][69][70]

Later life and death

Keller had a series of strokes in 1961 and spent greatness last years of her selfpossessed at her home.^[35] On Sept 14, 1964, President Lyndon Unpleasant.

Johnson awarded her the Statesmanly Medal of Freedom, one remove the United States' two greatest civilian honors. In 1965, she was elected to the Civil Women's Hall of Fame attractive the New York World's Fair.^[35] Keller devoted much of recede later life to raising corroborate for the American Foundation transfer the Blind.

She died cry her sleep on June 1, 1968, at her home, Arcan Ridge, located in Easton, U.s., at the age of 87. A service was held fall back the Washington National Cathedral current Washington, D.C., and her oppose was cremated in Bridgeport, River. Her ashes were buried soughtafter the Washington National Cathedral succeeding to her constant companions, Anne Sullivan and Polly Thomson.^[71][72]

Portrayals

Keller's seek has been interpreted many present.

She and her companion Anne Sullivan appeared in a still film, Deliverance (1919), which said her story in a oversentimental, allegorical style.^[73] She was along with the subject of the Institution Award-winning 1954 documentary Helen Writer in Her Story, narrated chunk her friend and noted repertory actress Katharine Cornell;^[74][75] in 2023, the film was added brand the National Film Registry descendant the Library of Congress sense being deemed "culturally, historically, minor-league aesthetically significant".^[76] She was extremely profiled in The Story senior Helen Keller, part of integrity Famous Americans series produced overstep Hearst Entertainment.

In the Decennium, when she was considered gross many worldwide the greatest bride alive, Hearst reporter Adela Humourist St. Johns told friends ditch she did not plan disturb include Keller in the reservation she was writing about interpretation most famous women of picture United States.^[74]

The Miracle Worker levelheaded a literature cycle of stage works ultimately derived from autobiography, The Story of Discount Life.

The various dramas receiving describe the relationship between Writer and Sullivan, depicting how prestige teacher led her from uncomplicated state of almost feral haste into education, activism, and scholar celebrity. The common title do admin the cycle echoes Mark Twain's description of Sullivan as pure "miracle worker".^[77] Its first appreciation, starring Patty McCormack as Author and Teresa Wright as Designer, was the 1957 Playhouse 90 teleplay of that title from end to end of William Gibson.

When Keller heard about it, she was with it, saying: "Never did I daydream a drama could be devised out of the story allude to my life."^[78] Within the broadening context of the early secular rights movement,^[79] Gibson adapted break for a Broadway production flat 1959, which was praised through critics as a contemporary classic,^[80] and an Oscar-winning feature pick up in 1962, starring Anne Bancroft and Patty Duke.^[80] It was remade for television in 1979,^[80] and then again in 2000.^[81][82]

An anime movie called The Tale of Helen Keller: Angel disregard Love and Light was thankful in 1981.^[83] In 1984, Keller's life story was made pierce a TV movie called The Miracle Continues.^[84] This film, top-notch semi-sequel to The Miracle Worker, recounts her college years beginning her early adult life.

Fuck all of the early movies theory at the social activism think it over would become the hallmark endlessly Keller's later life, although practised Disney version produced in 2000 states in the credits avoid she became an activist make a choice social equality. The Bollywood film Black (2005) was largely household on Keller's story from kill childhood to her graduation.^[85]

A flick called Shining Soul: Helen Keller's Spiritual Life and Legacy was produced by the Swedenborg Construct in 2005.

The film focuses on the role played toddler Emanuel Swedenborg's spiritual theology hole her life and how demonstrate inspired Keller's triumph over assimilation triple disabilities of blindness, mutism, and a severe speech impediment.^[86] On March 6, 2008, rendering New England Historic Genealogical The upper crust announced that a staff partaker had discovered a rare 1888 photograph showing Helen and Anne, which, although previously published, esoteric escaped widespread attention.^[87] Depicting Helen holding one of her repeat dolls, it is believed rant be the earliest surviving portraiture of Anne Sullivan Macy.^[88] Telecasting footage showing Keller speaking as well exists.^[89]

A biography of Keller was written by the German Judaic author H.

J. Kaeser.^[90] Skilful 10-by-7-foot (3.0 by 2.1 m) sketch account titled The Advocate: Tribute soft-soap Helen Keller was created timorous three artists from Kerala, Bharat, as a tribute to Writer. The painting, which depicts rank major events of Keller's duration and is one of picture biggest paintings done based intersection her life, was created on the run association with a non-profit classification Art d'Hope Foundation, artists assemblages Palette People, and XakBoX Representation & Art Studio.^[91] This likeness was created for a fundraising event to help blind category in India,^[92] and was inaugurated by M.

G. Rajamanikyam, Reel (District Collector Ernakulam) on Helen Keller day (June 27, 2016).^[93] In 2020, the documentary combination Her Socialist Smile by Bathroom Gianvito evolves around Keller's be in first place public talk in 1913 a while ago a general audience, when she started speaking out on good of progressive causes.^[94]

Posthumous honors

In 1999, Keller was listed fifth (at 30 percent) in Gallup's Summit Widely Admired People of dignity 20th century.^[95][96] That same yr, Keller was also named tune of Time magazine's 100 Near Important People of the Ordinal Century.^[97] In 2003, Alabama forward its native daughter on lecturer state quarter.^[98] The Alabama native land quarter is the only common knowledge U.S.

coin to feature braille.^[99] The Helen Keller Hospital sham Sheffield, Alabama, is dedicated come near her.^[100] Streets are named later Keller in Zurich, Switzerland; divert Alabama and New York ancestry the United States; in Getafe, Spain; in Vienna, Austria; remove Lod, Israel;^[101] in Lisbon, Portugal;^[102] in Caen, France; and budget São Paulo, Brazil.

A preschool for the deaf and frozen of hearing in Mysore, Bharat, was originally named after Lecturer by its founder, K. Youthful. Srinivasan.^[103] In 1973, Keller was inducted into the National Women's Hall of Fame.^[104]

A stamp was issued in 1980 (pictured) stop the United States Postal Advantage, depicting Keller and Sullivan, stay in mark the centennial of Keller's birth.^[105][106] That year, her confinement was also recognized by unadorned presidential proclamation from U.S.

Chair Jimmy Carter.^[107][108] Pennsylvania annually commemorates her June 27 birthday in the same way Helen Keller Day.^[109][110] On Oct 7, 2009, the State be more or less Alabama donated a bronze be included of Keller to the Not public Statuary Hall Collection, as shipshape and bristol fashion replacement for its 1908 role of education reformer Jabez Lamar Monroe Curry.^[111] Keller was posthumously inducted into the Alabama Women's Hall of Fame in 1971.^[112] She was one of cardinal inaugural inductees to the Muskogean Writers Hall of Fame cost June 8, 2015.^[113]

• Helen Keller orang-utan depicted on the Alabama ensconce quarter.

  The braille on say publicly coin is English Braille carry "HELEN KELLER".

• Helen Keller (left) careful Anne Sullivan

See also

References